Premchand’s Goodan and Dickens Hard Times Essay

There is always unremitting impression which brings Premchand’s Goodan and Dickens Hard Times in framework as an entirety. Goodan which was written 1936, in a nutshell travels on the apprehension of a life of a farmer, most importantly oppression in the hand of class structure. As a critic points out the life of Indian village and the farmer seems to be trapped in the net woven by the landlords, moneylenders and police i. e. suggesting double standard of the capitalists. Dickens correspondingly voices social injustice and problem in the capitalist framework most importantly oppression of the lower class by the upper class. A critic suggested that both the writers Premchand and Dickens primarily concerns to voicing the social reform, consciously trying to draw a balance between idealism and realism as a whole. In Hard Times which was written in 1854, depicted Victorian industrial society, and formulated a troop of radical critique of industrial England. Siengfried A.  Schulz in his book â€Å"Premchand : a western appraisal† provided mainly three proposition drawn between Hard times and Goodan. In Hard Times : 1) Injustice 2) Oppression of the poor by the upper class 3) Attack on the economic theorist, utilitarian. Again, in case of Goodan he proposes 1) deeply intrigued on the Question of Dharma. 2) Oppression of the poor by the rich. 3) Confinement of Premchand to depict the ugly aspect of Indian society. If we closely observe there seems to struggle between two world : world of fancy and world of factualism in Hard Times and world of village and city in Goodan. Goodan presents the life of Hori and his inclination towards religious ritual i. e. Goodan and his unable to forsake the concept of his dharma and his life is doomed due to his adherence to it. The use of the term Dharma by Premchand gives the impression of a hollow ring suggesting hypocritical too. Hori, hopes that all other would understand and naturally adhere to a traditional code of conduct, but his attitude is not reciprocated. This also gives a vibrant picture of problem of social hierarchy as a whole. In Hard Times too, the fact oriented ideology of the characters like Gradgrind and Bounderby can be seen as they opposed any kind of fancy or imagination. Dickens represents utilitarian concept of adherence to ‘fact’ which is dominant in the novel. Again, a critic points out that the marriage between Lusia- Bounderby can be connected with the character of Hori, as he too maries his elder daughter in marriage to an elderly man, but the difference according to him is that it is Hori’s helplessness and misery that drives him towards this decision. Some critic even points out that Premchand’s bringing out of this concept of marriage gives a parallel treatment of marriage as a whole for the western as well as Indian society. Through Hori, Premchand reveals the prospect of Indian farmers giving a warning that life of misery would continue until there is no change in the approach of Indian farmers towards his environment. Through Gradgrind and Bounderby, Dickens produced his product of representing the contemporary purely materialistic, scientifically bent utilitarian theory. A critic posts Goodan far ahead of Hard Times as it seems more realistic then Hard Times. There is many instances like the Gradgrind’s giving shelter to Sissy Jupe, and Hori’s giving shelter to Siliya which proposed Siegfried’s attempt of convincing that there can be possibility of borrowing ideas by Premchand Form Dickens. Again, there is also a possible analogy between lives of Stephen and Hori as both had extreme faith in life and simplicity and honesty are almost akin to Hori’s dharma. Even their death brings out similarity as both dies with desires that are not fulfilled. Stephen’s fall symbolizes the destruction of the working class by industrial upper class and Hori’s death indicates defeat of the Indian peasant in the face of unbearable odd. There can be similar parallel between characters like Stephen- Richel and Mehta and Malti in Goodan. Both limited roles, suggesting extra-marital affair. Through these characters Premchand represented the immergence of free thinking society. Mehta and Malti exposes Premchand’s idealism and Dickens depicted realistic form through Stephen and Richel. Premchand posesthe concept of westernization in the cities as well as Malti becomes the target of his sarcasm and satire too in Goodan. At last Tom and Gobar poises two portal of articulation as Tom suggests natural and nasty influence of the fact – oriented society. Gobar seems to be burdened by the approach of younger generation. Tom, like Gobar becomes the link betwwn the two worlds. Dickens seems to be hopeful but Premchand exposes his pessimism, his loss of faith in the ability of the Indian psyche to overcome change. This voices the two writers concern in reforming society. â€Å"No matter how far you’ve gone down the wrong road, turn back. † — Turkish Proverb

Letter of recom

He has been a student In the â€Å"Computer networks† and laboratory sessions In â€Å"Computer networks and case tools† and â€Å"Network programming† during the IT program at EWES college. I have worked with many students having essential knowledge In Information technology. Every year I notice that a few outstanding students offer a unique perspective and really embrace their learning of the subject matter. Mr.. EX. has consistently shown such a strong desire in practical subjects to learn, that I simply loud not turn down his request for recommendation.At numerous occasions, he would contact me after the class and try to understand logics behind various programming. Also, he contributed astutely to class-room discussions that proved his intellectual might. He asked most penetrating questions about the subject being discussed and explicated his ideas with effortless impromptu grace. During discussion of case studies, he was highly effectual in applying the cou rse material In analyzing the problem situations. He explained his views very concisely, clear and coaxing. He performed good leadership skills when Involved In group project.During several team case studies, he took charge of the team and he was aware of strengths and limitations of his team members and assigned task accordingly. He Is very well liked and respected by both peers and his professors. He continues to impress me with his knowledge, skill and dedication to his work. I'm sure you will find him to be a student whose talents will only shine further through your graduate program. It is my sincere hope that you will accept his application to your university with financial assistance.Please feel free to contact me if you require further information. Yours truly, proof. BBC Head of Department, Information Technology, EWES college. Letter of recon By Cahill-Guava student in the â€Å"Computer networks† and laboratory sessions in â€Å"Computer networks have worked with many students having essential knowledge in information discussion of case studies, he was highly effectual in applying the course material in coaxing. He performed good leadership skills when involved in group project. During and limitations of his team members and assigned task accordingly.

Comparison Tom and Gatsby in “The Great Gatsby” Essay

In â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† written by Scott Fitzgerald, Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby are two characters that struggle with the idea of losing their shared love interest, Daisy. Tom and Gatsby’s attachment to Daisy is differently justified due to their contrasting views, personalities, attitudes, actions, backgrounds, and other factors, some of which they do share and concur in. Fitzgerald did a great thing here. He created two purposefully different characters- one that is easily despised, the other that although not perfect, is likable- and united them in their love for money, the power that comes with it , and their haunt for the ultimate prize – Daisy. In this essay, we will analyze Tom and Gatsby’s differences and similarities in several areas, and decide whether or not they are perfect foils of each other like they are commonly perceived to be. To describe who Tom and Gatsby are, we must first analyze where they come from. In this area, Tom Buchannan and Jay Gatsby couldn’t be more different. Tom comes from an old and wealthy Chicago family, hence his residence in East Egg where the old aristocracy of the country’s richest families reside. Tom symbolizes the idea of being born into a golden crib, a prestigious family name, and into old money. Tom is one of those privileged few who never had to work for anything in his life, but is â€Å"privileged† the right description for him? Fitzgerald says in the story, â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy—they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.† Tom’s past never allowed him to learn how to own up to his mistakes, accept fault, and deal with difficult situations, but rather made him unable to adapt to the real world. Because of this, I use the term â€Å"privileged† loosely when describing Tom. On the other hand, Jay Gatsby was born into what some of us call â€Å"the other side of the tracks.† Gatsby faced an impecunious childhood in rural North Dakota, but was an ambitious small town boy with big dreams who thought himself to be superior to the farming life, and simply rejected the lot he had been dealt in life. Gatsby’s father says to the narrator, Nick, â€Å"Jimmy was bound to get ahead†¦ Do you notice what he’s got about improving his mind? He was always great for that†, and that is exactly what Gatsby did.  Gatsby left his home town and set out to find his fortune, and although some of his actions were not too admirable, James Gatz, the poor farm boy, used his ingenuity to reinvent himself and become Jay Gatsby, the self-made millionaire. Fitzgerald makes Gatsby’s residence in West Egg, where the newly rich reside, a place for a class of vulgar and ostentatious people who will always lack the social grace and taste that the r esidents of East Egg possess, and can only be achieved from birth. Although the green light in Daisy’s garden is symbolic for hope, I think it also symbolizes the â€Å"green-eyed monster†. It symbolizes the envy and frustration Gatsby must feel through the realization that even though he achieved an incredible amount of wealth, he will never be an East Egger. Gatsby’s impoverished past makes him unacceptable to this socially elite East Egg society that Tom was born into, and is naturally an accepted part of. Now that we know about their contrasting pasts, let us take a look at their personalities. Tom is an overpowering, large man who uses his presence to intimidate people. It says in the book , â€Å"two shining, arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and gave him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward. Not even the effeminate swank of his riding clothes could hide the enormous power of that body†¦it was a body capable of enormous leverage†¦a cruel body.† On the other hand, Gatsby seems to be shy and reserved to the point where he is not even acknowledged at his own parties. In my opinion, Gatsby did not do so well when attempting to pull off a defying front during his confrontation with Tom. Tom also comes off as a racist bigot who fears that the Black race will eventually submerge the White race, a sexist, and an abusive, insensitive, â€Å"brute†, like Daisy calls him. Gatsby’s open house parties which contain very colorful characters, on the other hand, seem to show little prejudice or judgment in his persona. Gatsby’s action of waiting outside the Buchannan’s home all night just to make sure Tom would not physically harm Daisy, show just how sensitive Gatsby is to Daisy’s well being. Tom seems to be very blunt and crude, while Gatsby’s distinguishing feature is the enigma that is his life. Jay Gatsby holds himself to high expectations and lived his life chasing a single dream, while Tom Buchanan seems to have no direction, goals, or dreams, other than to waste away his wealth, and please his selfish needs. In my opinion, the fundamental difference between Tom and Gatsby is how Fitzgerald  decided that justice would be served to each concerning part. Tom is the definition of selfishness, arrogance, cruelty, and ultimately, the ugly side of inherited wealth. Despite all his faults, Gatsby is more good than he is bad, and is a clear rags-to-riches success story. However, Tom ends up getting away scot free, never facing any consequences for his actions or immorality, while Gatsby ends up killed for a crime he did not commit, to save a women who did not love him back. As always, the poor man gets the short end of the stick. Now that we stated some clear differences between Tom and Gatsby, lets look at some of their similarities. Tom and Gatsby are both dishonest and deeply flawed men who commit consistent shows of indiscretions. For example, Tom condemns Daisy’s affair, but does not have the decency to be discreet about his own. Gatsby’s shady business dealings with Wolfsheim and illicit ways of acquiring wealth can, without a doubt, compare to Tom’s unscrupulous character. Both Tom and Gatsby lie and cheat, but Tom does it for the sole purpose of self-indulgence, while Gatsby does what he does in pursuance of his dream. Tom and Gatsby both have controlling personalities, and will do what they can to get what they want, regardless of the consequences. Another similarity between Tom and Gatsby is that both men seem to be playing a role when every they’re in public, by putting on a facade for others to see. With his good looks, education, horses, polo shirts, riding pants, and boots, Tom tries to impress and dissemble others, while hiding the monster he really is. On the same token, the ostentatious parties, mysterious past, and made up stories are all used by Gatsby to hide his hum ble beginnings, and corrupt ways of attaining his wealth. Without a doubt, Gatsby and Tom’s most obvious connection is their link to Daisy. Beautiful, educated, and well groomed, Daisy is the personification of feminism in the 1920’s, and women of an elite social class. Although Daisy is the object of their affection, or better yet, desire, I do not think that either Tom or Gatsby are in love with her. Tom is so pompous, that he married Daisy not because he loved her, but because everyone else wanted her. Tom wants to keep Daisy now because he knows how socially unacceptable divorce would have been, and she looks good under his arm. Gatsby is not so much in love with her, as much as he is with the idea of her. Gatsby places Daisy on this pedestal, and wants her to live up to expectations that she neither can, wants, or deserves. In a way, both Tom and Gatsby see Daisy as  a highly desirable prize that will attest to their own self-worth. In conclusion, because Tom and Gatsby do share some characteristics with each other they may not be â€Å"perfect† foils, but looking at the big picture, they are like oil and water. Tom is a despicable character who embodies everything that is wrong with society, and flies through life unpunished. Gatsby is a man who came from humble beginnings, and made something out of himself for the sole purpose of recuperating the one thing that ever made him feel alive – Daisy. Gatsby lied, cheated, and took part in organized crime, so what can possibly him great, you may ask. Well, in my opinion, Gatsby’s never-ending optimism, simplicity of heart, and power to make his dreams into reality is what makes him â€Å"Great†. In reality, Gatsby never cared for the glamorous parties, the nice clothes, or the fast cars. Acquiring these luxuries were only important to him because he felt like they were necessary for him to accomplish his ultimate goal- winning Daisy’s heart back. Daisy embodied Gatsby’s American dream, and unfortunately for him, his search for her was somewhat more of a fatally romantic idealism that seemed to be best suited in a world of fairy tails and happy endings. I agree with Nick when he tells Gatsby, â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd†¦ you’re worth the whole damn bunch put together.†

Critically discuss the similarities and differences between the Great Essay

Critically discuss the similarities and differences between the Great Irish Famine and recent famines of Africa and Asia - Essay Example This definition focuses on the failure of that particular region to deal with the symptoms of famine. It also focuses on the role played by the market; accounting for changes in market demands which hence impacts what happens in the local markets. Many of these regions hit by famines are particularly sensitive to world prices, mostly because they themselves are very small and so cannot influence prices. What is lacking in this definition however is that it does not explain clearly that famine is the end product of a long process whereby people slowly lose access to food. Another aspect lacking in this definition is that it does not explain the breakdown of social support systems, where reciprocity and goodwill slowly start to disappear under the increasingly stressful system. While high death rates are what mark a famine, the increased disunity and societal collapse are inevitable end results of this phenomenon. Atkins (2009) discusses how difficult it is to define the term famine. I n order to measure this phenomenon, he argues that the intensity of it would be looked at. Devereux (1998) looks at two other perspectives on what famine is. One view sees famine as a natural disaster; the result is a lack of food and the cause is failed policy measures by the state or market interventions that were unable to achieve the purpose it had intended. The other definition does not include famine as a natural occurrence. Rather, it sees famine as resulting from successful policy measures by the state – it views the state as essentially repressive and as wanting to keep a tight control over its population. Also, this view on famine blames the international community as being opportunistic and apathetic, helping only when an internal benefit to itself is seen. The former definition is an outsider perspective, arguing that the cause of famine lies in the food distribution system and has nothing to do with repressive political regimes

Business Law, Minor Essay 1000 words Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Law, Minor 1000 words - Essay Example The essential characteristics of a federal constitution is the supremacy of a written constitution. A natural corollary of a written constitution, is its rigidity. It ensures the authority of courts, appointment of governors and the parliament's power to legislate in matters of national interest. It may, however be clearly understood that the nature of federalism is more of a historical background based on a nation's necessity .The Australian federal system has generally worked satisfactorily even though it had undergone substantial changes in the years following its establishment. The debate today Is about its future .There is a general consensus that the Australian federal system does not work as well as it should, keeping in view the commercial operations, management and administrative environment. The question for the commonwealth and the state government is not only to enhance its performance and reputation but also to secure a better future, independent of the monarchy ."Austra lia is already a republic by any reasonable test- a state in which sovereignty is derived from the people. The one element in the constitution not consistent with a republic is the crown."( Turnbull m,1993). It is a system of government where the power comes from the people and all offices are accountable to the masses . The genre of contemporary political leaders also wish to see their country transforming into a republic as also said by the labor party candidate - Kevin Rudd. The implications of the republic debate is subtle but important. It implicates that Australia would legally be independent of Britain, which many believe is still a far fetched theory. Even Mr. Rudd has turned his boats back and has now decided that a referendum on a republic would not occur in the first term of a Labor government. Hence, " the theory of republicanism is on comatose and on life support" ( The Australian,2007). The legal issues involved in the process is full of complexes, to be achieved instantaneously .It starts with the Australian constitution itself . Section 1 of the Constitution states that the Legislative power of the Commonwealth is vested in a Federal Parliament which consists of "the Queen, a Senate and a House of Representatives ". ( Pylee 2006 , p.147) Section 2 goes on to provide that the Queen's representative shall be a Governor-General who holds office "during her pleasure" . Also sections 58 & 59 confers extraordinary power over Australian affairs to the Queen. The above sections being only a few declaring the real power of the monarchy

Oxycodone Use and Abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Oxycodone Use and Abuse - Research Paper Example The drug is very addictive in effect and is used by many people for reasons other than just pain relief. â€Å"Oxycodone, an opioid with known abuse liability, is misused by the intranasal route† (Middleton et al., 2012). Repeated intake of Oxycodone develops tolerance in the individual so that higher doses are needed for the same effects to be experienced. This paper discusses the uses and abuses, effects, signs and symptoms, and treatment options for the Oxycodone abuse. The most fundamental positive effect of Oxycodone is that it is a very good drug for pain management for a long time. While common pain killers’ action lasts anywhere between four to six hours, oxycodone gives round the clock pain relief to the patient. According to Marry A. Simmonds is a cancer specialist and gave testimony on OxyContin’s value in the alleviation of pain experienced because of cancer at the 2002 Congressional hearing. OxyContin is a drug that contains anywhere from 10 to 80 milligrams of Oxycodone (Skarlunis 2012, p. 1). According to Simmonds, â€Å"If you have pain thats there all the time, four hours goes by very quickly. †¦If youre not watching the clock, the pain comes back. People tend not to take their pills on time. The pain builds back up, so youre starting over. Its not very good management of pain. †¦For moderate to severe pain, aspirin and Tylenol arent effective. We do need opioids† (Simmonds cited in Skarlunis, 2012, p. 1 ). Many doctors prescribe Oxycodone as an alternative to the opiates and especially when such drugs as diphenoxylate and loperamide have been tried and found ineffective for the treatment of severe diarrhea in a particular case. A vast majority of abusers do not take Oxycodone as a drug for abuse in the start; they are rather prescribed by the doctor to help in the pain relief, but many patients spiral out of control and start using the drug for abuse rather than pain relief. With the increase in their tolerance for Oxycodone, they need

Why the civil acts rights of 1875 failed and the civil acts rights act Research Paper

Why the civil acts rights of 1875 failed and the civil acts rights act of 1964 succeeded - Research Paper Example Almost half of the country agreed to abolish slavery, wealthy owners of plantations in the southern States could not agree to such a loss of cheap workforce. People were exhausted by the Civil War lasting for four years. Economy of the country was also going down because of devastating effects of the Civil War. Big cities and small towns were damaged starting from houses and ending with roads and railroads. Introduced in 1870, the Civil Rights Act became a law only in 1875. Most of the Southern Republicans were against this law. However, it was pass According to the Civil Rights Act â€Å"equality of men before law† was recognized. One of the duties of government was â€Å"mete out equal and exact justice to all, of whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion, religious or political†.1 Therefore, treating people equally in all the spheres of public activity and social life had to become one of the prerogatives of American society. However, not long after enactment of this law, in 1883, the Supreme Courte declared this law unconstitutional.2 This law offered by Senator Summers was one of the major effective actions of Reconstruction. Even though the Civil Rights Act of 1875 â€Å"outlawed racial segregation in public accommodations and prohibited the exclusion of blacks from jury duty†,3 it still was controversial in some aspects. First of all, the law did not include access of African Americans to many important public places such as schools, cemeteries, religious institutions, etc. Social rights of Americans became their civil rights according to the provisions of this law. Furthermore, this law allowed segregated schools rather than requiring mixed schooling. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was declared in the time of the social unrest. The major movement for social equality was initiated by Martin Luther King. Protesting men, women, and children were severely beaten by police in Birmingham, Alabama. American president John F. Kennedy was greatly

People can read others' minds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People can read others' minds - Essay Example Is it an inborn psychic ability or being hypersensitive to how others feel and think? Each person has a certain degree of psychic ability, some more than others. People gifted with psychic abilities use the power of the mind and extra sensory perception (ESP) to help them clearly anticipate what is going to happen. They can also channel their energies in reading other people’s minds. Sometimes, this ability can be beneficial for them because they would know how to respond to a person or an event, having had a foreknowledge of that person’s thoughts or the images of details of the event. On the other hand, they absorb negative thoughts or see visions of disastrous events and these readings can upset them too much. Any ordinary person also has natural mind abilities that help him get through some situations, and one of this is being able to discern what other people will say or do. The ability to read minds goes far back to our ancient roots when we managed to feel our way around. This was when communication systems were not as sophisticated. People were easy to read because they were bereft of any hidden agendas that complicated their lives. Technology was very limited and there were no distractions such as the television, internet, etc. and people focused on other people. When they communicated with each other, they gave their full attention. Being so in sync with each other, it was easy to read each other’s minds. Ross Buck, a Communication Sciences professor at the University of Connecticut contends that mind reading has been used by people to â€Å"create and maintain the social order† (Paul: para 8). Hence, people relied on mind reading to keep the harmony between them. How ever, mind reading is not literally just reading the other person’s thoughts. It also takes interpreting his gestures, actions and language. It is difficult to â€Å"mind-read† if one cannot see the other person move and talk. Reading a person becomes

Final proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final proposal - Essay Example Manchester offers various properties suited for economic development, relocation assistance, financing and tax credits as economic incentives to assist revenue flow in the local region. Especially in difficult economic times, Manchester’s rather liberal assistance and incentive programs will aid in maintaining short-term profitability by avoiding high relocation costs. The provision of demographic and marketing information – This would include elements of consumer behavior and the ethnic/cultural differences to assist in creating workable marketing strategies to increase profitability. The provision of regulatory assistance – This includes assistance in understanding the practical application of rules and laws which are mandated by Manchester to provide information on how best to structure the business to satisfy legal expectations. This could potentially prevent any future liability on behalf of MMK. The provision of various loans – Manchester wants to draw business to its region, thus offering various loans make the environment more suitable in the event of having to borrow additional capital for improvements to the company. The provision of technical assistance – This will help the company to understand how best to incorporate various technologies to make the company more adaptable and flexible to changing market demands. Quality of life is also evident in Manchester, which will be a positive motivational aspect, from a lifestyle perspective, for any international expatriate employees who will be required to assist in developing the new American facility. As expatriate assignments are generally long-term (Mathis & Jackson, 2005), quality educational facilities are available for school-aged children as well as 900 acres of parks, playgrounds, swimming facilities, beaches, and ski regions (ManchesterNH.gov). For managers or

Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Essay With the advancement in technology the operations and scales of most business have become global in nature. Aside from this the target market of the corporations has also increased to include regional as well as international customers. This has requires the culture in most multination enterprises to change and adapt to diversification. Corporations have as a result invested in a diversified workforce that represents the various types of customers it targets and help create a much better understanding about the constantly changing and evolving target market. With the changing market dynamics the companies have also had to change their management styles. The most apparent trend for corporations has been to create a value based culture where the values are derived from the customer and business point of view the procurement training of employees is based on this value system. The best way to do this is by hiring people who have the desired talent and values required by the company. This reduces the cost of training and development for the company in the initial stages and contributes to a much better workforce which is intone with the organizations objectives and value system. However in most cases the new employees do require formal orientations where they are specifically informed about culture in place ion the organization and how the business conducts its operations. Yet again hiring people who share similar values as the organization does provides more harmony and direction for the workforce. Organization and Culture: Before establishing on a code of conduct of devising a formal culture for the organization, it is essential to define what organizational culture is. The culture at any organization is how the operations are performed in the entity and how the employees perform their specific jobs. Whenever the company is formally writing the essence of the culture it is acknowledging the core values of its operations and the company itself. As a result the culture should be representative of everyone in the organization and the values derived from it should benefit the company and its stakeholders as a whole. Therefore it is critically important for organizations to fully comprehend and understand the organizational culture in place in their organization before defining the values for the company or hiring personnel depending on their shared values with the business. Cameron and Quinn have designed a framework for the culture based on competing values. This framework identifies that there are essentially four kinds of cultures in an organization and any company can have either one of them or a combination as their organizational structure. These cultures have been specifically identified as the market culture, hierarchy culture and the adhocracy culture and the clan culture. Companies who have a clan type of a culture are organizations that operate based on their loyalty and relationship with others. Tradition and loyalty count as high priorities here and as a result employee commitment is a strong factor. Examples of organization that have this type of a corporate culture are the Japanese Companies. The market culture is characteristic of supermarkets and those companies operating in the retail sector. These kinds of organizations are result oriented and focus on getting the job done. The people usually employed in this company are competitive and goal oriented. The new hired sought by the company are leaders who can be tough and respond to the demanding nature of the organization. The company deems the pricing policies and intense competition as integral to the business. The vision of such organizations is to attain a large portion of the market share. Another form of an organizational cultures the hierarchy culture which is formalized in nature and structured according to rank and priority. The leaders in the organization are responsible for getting the work done and there is an essence of pride amongst the employees about their positioning the company. These companies are relatively predictable and they focus on hiring employees who are dependable and committed to long term employment in the company. The perfect examples of such organization are government organizations and public institutions. The last type of culture identified in the framework is the adhocracy culture which features entrepreneurship and creativity in the workplace. Organizations have this kind of a culture are usually dynamic and harbor innovation. They seek employees who are risk takers, creative and can be focus on the long term productivity and growth of the organization. The essence of this culture is innovation and commitment to change and diversification. An example of such a company is Google. Discussion: The main hotspots for cultural integration and diversification for Multinational Enterprises exist in the European, Asian and Middle East regions. A recent study was conducted to analyze the cultural orientation of the workforce and the similarities and differences for a multicultural workforce in Oman. The data for this research was conducted from about 700 employees employed in 6 large firms in Oman. â€Å"The results demonstrate a clear link between value orientations and preferences for particular HRM policies and practices. Group-oriented HRM practices are preferred by those who scored high on collectivism and being orientations, and those who scored low on thinking and doing orientations. Hierarchy-oriented HRM practices are preferred by those scoring high on hierarchy, subjugation and human nature-as-bad orientations, and those scoring low on thinking and mastery orientations. Finally, preference for loose and informal HRM practices was positively associated with being, and negatively associated with thinking, doing and harmony orientations. (Aycan, (et al), 2007) The HR employment policies and the recruitment process comprises of job identification and job design. When the specific characteristics of the job have been identified it becomes easier to document the requirements for the job. In market oriented firms companies seek prospective employees who are competitive and willing to embrace the values of the company. Colin Shaw conducted a research in association with the Marketing forum about employment in marketing. The research showed that â€Å"71 per cent of business leaders see customer experience as the next competitive battleground to be fought in a commercial marketplace — yet few are doing anything about it. Seven out of 10 customers say that emotions count for more than half of their customer experience. But most companies have not even thought through the emotions they are trying to evoke and will, therefore, struggle to recruit people who are able to evoke the positive emotions the company has identified. †(Shaw, 2002) Aside form simply managing diversity in the work force by creating a value based culture in the organization and hiring personnel on the basis of their value characteristics, the companies in multinational sectors can also develop relationship with their strategic partners, suppliers and affiliates on the basis of their organizational values. This is formally termed as Supply Relationship Orientation. Using this approach the organization can target a much diverse target market more efficiently and can also internalize most of its operations. The internal and external integration leads to strategic advantage for the company therefore further creating barriers to entry in the industry and making the organization more competitive. Job satisfaction is highly dependent upon the values that the employees have. These values can be cultural in nature or those endorsed by the organization. A study concerning the impact of cultural diversity on the employed job satisfaction showed that it is possible for people from different backgrounds and regions to have different values and work environment expectations. This specific study studied the Chinese nd Taiwanese organizations and depicted that â€Å"Integration, Confucian Work Dynamism and Human-heartedness are significantly different between Taiwanese and Chinese employees, while Moral discipline is not; Taiwanese employees have higher ES than Chinese employees; Taiwanese employees view career planning is the most important, while Chinese employees think management system is most important; For Taiwanese employees, Salary and benefit, Working load and Management system have effects on ES; Age and Education have effects on Chinese employees† (Chuan-Cheng Yu-Chen, 2007) Some cases of prominent organizations taking sides on their HRM and recruitment policies are depicted in the following examples. â€Å"Sears, for example, developed a strong culture based on its successes through the 1960s that kept later CEOs from making radical changes that were needed to respond to shifting consumer preferences. On the other hand, Wal-Mart, which was less restrained by its past, prospered during the same time period. † (Powell, 1998) When hiring new employees the bottom-line is to make way for a cohesive organization which is diversified in nature and its workforce yet is united in its structure, values and objectives. This is what has been termed as a model organization with an effective organizational perspective. Essentially the organization has two roles for an employee when it is hiring prospective personnel. These are that the organization needs employees who can help the organization grow and follow what is already in place in the organization. This is required to bring continuity into the business. However the other goal of the organization when recruiting new employees is to hire those candidates who are entrepreneurial in nature, risk takers and innovative, i. e. are willing to do what has never ever been done in the market or sector. In such situations the company needs to identify what are its core values and how it can attain both of its goals simultaneously. This requires identifying which values of the company fit the personal attributes of the company, and fit the situation the company is in. Then it needs to hire those employees which are suited to the values, goals and the job description in the company. â€Å"Searching for reinforcing fit on pivotal values is a good way for an organization to preserve the key elements of its culture. In fact, adherence to similar process values such as mutual respect, openness, participation, and consideration of alternative points of view facilitates a multicultural approach to diversity. On the other hand, searching for either reinforcing or extending fit on peripheral values seems unnecessary. Employees need to be allowed to express themselves as they wish, as long as they exhibit the pivotal values that support the organizations mission. † (Powell, 1998) Another view regarding value based recruitment of personnel is that the diversified and multinational corporations can invest in both kinds of employees by hiring those which are essential for the continuum of the organization as well as hiring those who fit the organization’s values and goals. This will enable corporations to have variety in the workplace and will aid in management of the diversified workforce by the use of actions teams. Aside from this there is another view which states that it may not be in the best interests of any organization to invest in the same values and culture over a long period of time. This is because the external and internal environment for the business is constantly changing and this requires the culture, and values of the organizations to also reflect change with the passage of time. â€Å"To be ready to play fundamentally different games at short notice, organizations need to keep themselves from being overly committed to one particular strategy. † (Powell, 1998) One way of adopting diversity in an organization and building a value based culture to sustain objectives is through the sequential process. The reason for using this process for managing diversity is due to the fact that the external environment is in a continuous change and the main stakeholders of any company are also facing similar changes in their lives. This makes the purchase decisions to be made on the basis of the vales of the company and therefore the employees and people in the organization are also required to work in accordance with the values of the company. An article by Steve Schuller in 2005 stated that merging diversification and value based culture the organization requires the company to adopt a focused hiring policy. This means that the company should strive to hire like minded people who share the values of the company. This can require employing on traditionally recruiting methods which can take the form of partnering with similar organization or organizations having similar technology and objectives. â€Å"Hiring is only the first step. Educating employees to understand and appreciate cultural differences and providing them with guidance about what diversity means to the organization is the most effective way to create an inclusive culture. Timing is critical. Dont make the mistake of marketing to diverse groups before providing your employees with the support and training they need to service these guests, who might have unique needs. Doing so could create negative guest experiences or hurt your efforts in the community. (Schuller, 2005). This text provides answers to the question whether only hiring personnel who share the values of the company is sufficient or should they be trained or not. The article states that even for newly hired personnel who share the values of the company it is essential for the business to provide them with orientation, mentoring and customer service training for leadership development according to the business ethics and the organizational culture in place in the company. Aside from this it is also important to communicate the values of the business and the company to the customers as well as to the employees. â€Å"Values are communicated to employees via overt internal communications, the ripple effect, senior management example/involvement, HR activities and external communications. While for consumers, values are communicated via their holistic experiences of the brand, interactions with employees, external brand communications and the tangible elements of the service offering. (De Chernatony, Cottam Segal-Horn, 2006) Conclusion: It can be derived from the above illustrated discussion that in order to manage diversity in the workplace and in the operations it is best to manage the company according to its salient nd existing value structure. This is the best recommended method for managing diversity as it does not contain any bias and conforms to the legal laws of the state and the personal values of the employees and the staff in the organization. The best way for establishing a value based organization culture is to first identify the culture for the organization and highlight its main points. The key values which give the company a comparative advantage and a competitive edge can be focused upon and these values can be derived top establish a new culture which is adaptable, innovative and in accordance with the changes taking place in the internal as well as the eternal environment of the business. Most companies seek to retain and manage the value based culture of the organization by hiring those individuals who share the commitment and the values of the organization. However it should be realized that even like minded people can end up having conflicts and as a result a base period of training has to be established in the organization for successfully managing the organization and its human capital.

History of Tariffs in the U.S.

History of Tariffs in the U.S. Free Trade, No Tariffs! The controversies regarding â€Å"protective† tariff rates date way back, long preceding the debate over globalization. Even in these early days of American history, tariffs brought about some of the most cutthroat debates within the United States political system. Following the war of 1812, the early United States government enacted a tariff to help protect domestic industries, which were primarily located in the New England states. The following are the arguments made on behalf of the tariffs: As a result of the British embargo during the war, domestic industrial production grew  tremendously. Tariffs were deemed necessary for these â€Å"infant industries† to survive. The nation’s founders believed tariffs were necessary to the nation’s defense by  helping to keep factories which could produce war materials. In its early days, the United States federal government relied on tariffs as the primary  source of revenue. Over the course of the next several years, tariffs emerged as the hottest political controversy within the U.S., right next to slavery. Northern states, which were immensely industrial, wanted to preserve the protective tariffs, which shut out cheaper goods from Europe. Southern states, in contrast, complained about them. They realized that these â€Å"protective† tariffs made them pay way higher prices for manufactured goods. As a result of the decreased imports from Europe, European markets had fewer dollars to buy raw materials (such as cotton and tobacco) produced in the American south. As a result, leaders of the south argued that tariffs caused a remarkable transfer of wealth to the North. This 19th century debate is very similar to some of the debates about tariffs that take place today. Although tariffs have significantly decreased overall, the U.S. still maintains high tariffs on goods such as steel, agricultural products, textiles and apparel. The ultimate question is the same: do the benefits to workers and producers in these industries outweigh the costs for the consumers? Say NO to Tariffs! It is quite easy to see why a foreign tariff would hurt the economy of a country. A foreign tariff raises the costs of domestic producers which causes them to sell less in those foreign markets. Because of this reduction in demand, many jobs are lost. These job losses then impact other industries due to the demand for consumer products decreasing because of the reduced employment level. Foreign tariffs, along with other forms of market restrictions, cause a dramatic decline in the economic health of a nation. It is a vicious cycle! Tariffs hurt the country that imposes them in all but the rarest of instances, as their costs almost always outweigh their benefits. Sure, some people who are for tariffs will argue that they are a blessing for domestic producers who now face reduced competition in their home market. However, this reduced competition causes prices to rise – great for the producer, awful for the consumer. Proponents of tariffs also argue that it increases the sales of domestic producers, which is great and all, but it still comes at too great of a cost for the consumer. Between increased production and price, domestic producers are in theory able to hire more workers which causes consumer spending to rise. Finally, tariffs also increase government revenues which can be used to benefit the economy. All of this is what proponents argue should happen, in theory, as a result of tariffs. Later on, though, I will discuss empirical evidence of how tariffs actually impact the economy negatively. Referring back to some of the â€Å"positives† of tariffs explained above, I would like to discuss the impact on the consumer in more depth. If a tariff is enacted on a product, then the price of the good increases. Now, the consumer is forced to buy less of this good. From a consumer view, this increase in price can also be seen as a reduction in consumer income. Because consumers are now purchasing less, domestic producers in other industries are selling less also, hurting them in the process. This view shows that tariffs cause a steep decline in the economy. Now lets discuss a couple examples of empirical evidence on the effect of tariffs: 1. In 2000, President Bush increased tariffs on imported steel goods anywhere from 8 and 30 percent depending on the product. A study is cited by the Mackinac Center for Public Policy which states that the tariff will reduce the national income by 0.5 to 1.4 billion dollars. This same study also estimates that fewer than 10,000 jobs will be saved by the tariff, resulting in a cost of over $400,000 per job saved. Worst of all, the study states that each job saved will result in 8 being lost. 2. The cost of protecting jobs is in no way unique to the steel industry or to the U.S. for that matter. It is estimated by the National Center For Policy that in 1994 alone, tariffs cost the U.S. economy $32.3 billion or $170,000 for each job saved. To compare this to the rest of the world, tariffs in Europe cost consumers $70,000 for every job saved while Japanese consumers spent a whopping $600,000 for every job saved through Japanese tariffs. To sum this up, the benefits caused by increased domestic production in tariff protected industries and an increase in government revenues does not offset the negative impact that increased prices cause consumers combined with the costs of levying and collecting the tariff. This is not even taking into consideration that other countries might possibly put tariffs on our goods in retaliation, which would undoubtedly be costly to us. But, even if they do not, enough proof is given that tariffs are still costly to the economy. It is also important to note that international trade significantly increase the wealth of an economy. Anything designed to slow this trade will negatively impact economic growth. For these reasons, basic economic theory would indicate that tariffs are harmful to the country which imposes them. The Future of Tariffs- Going Away, But Never Completely In recent years it would appear that the United States has made a significant push toward getting rid of tariffs. On March 26th, U.S. President Barack Obama and European Union leaders promised to remove all tariffs on bilateral trade. This was a very ambitious step towards what will be the world’s largest free-trade deal. This Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is expected to bring $100 billion a year for both sides. Along with this agreement, the United States is currently seeking a similar trade pact with 11 other nations around Southeast Asia and the Pacific. In addition to trade pacts that are in the works, tariffs are also being reduced by current trade agreements that are scheduled to include future tariff reductions. These agreements include the countries of Australia, Bahrain, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Korea, Morocco, Oman, Panama, Peru, and Singapore. As you can see, the United States has made a effortful stride to reduce tariffs and promote free trade, and continues to do so. At the same time, however, some tariffs will always exist simply to play the politics and please those who support tariffs under the false notion that they are good for America and save American jobs. In conclusion, tariffs are going away but never completely.